GIS Definitions: The Ultimate Resource to Transform Your Knowledge with Confidence

Welcome to the GIS definitions guide, your comprehensive guide to Geographic Information Systems (GIS) terminology from A to Z. Whether you’re navigating the complexities of spatial data analysis, mapping technologies, or geographical modeling, this dictionary serves as your go-to resource.

Explore definitions, explanations, and applications of key GIS concepts, designed to deepen your understanding and proficiency in the field. Whether you’re a seasoned GIS professional or just starting your journey, the GIS Dictionary is here to clarify and expand your knowledge base.

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Table of Content – GIS Definitions

A	B	C	D	E	F	G	H	I
J	K	L	M	N	O	P	Q	R
S	T	U	V	W	X	Y	Z

A

• Accuracy Assessment – A process to determine the accuracy of spatial data and analysis results.
• Aerial LiDAR – Airborne LiDAR technology used to collect high-resolution elevation data.
• Agent-Based Modeling – Simulation modeling technique where autonomous agents interact within a GIS environment.
• Albers Equal Area Conic Projection – A map projection commonly used for maps of continents with east-west oriented countries.
• Alignment Sheet – A map or diagram used to record the spatial relationship between two or more features.
• Altitude – Vertical distance or elevation above a reference point, often used in 3D analysis.
• ArcGIS – A prominent GIS software suite developed by Esri for spatial analysis and mapping.
• Aspect – The compass direction (N, S, E, W) towards which a slope faces.
• Attribute Query – A search or filter operation based on attribute values within a GIS database.
• Attribute Relationship – Connections and associations between attributes in a GIS database.
• Augmented Reality (AR) – A technology that overlays digital information on the physical world, often using GPS.
• Automated Cartography – The use of computers and algorithms to create maps automatically.
• Accuracy – The degree of conformity of a measured or calculated value to its true value.
• Address Matching – Geocoding process that assigns geographic coordinates to a given address.
• Aerial Photography – Imagery captured from aircraft or satellites used for mapping and analysis.
• Affine Transformation – A mathematical transformation used to rectify and register raster datasets.
• Algorithm – A step-by-step procedure or formula used in GIS analysis or processing.
• Aliasing – Visual distortion in raster data caused by under-sampling or inadequate resolution.
• Attribute – Non-spatial information associated with geographic features in a GIS database.
• Attribute Table – A database table associated with a GIS layer containing attribute data.
• Automation – Using scripts or software to perform repetitive GIS tasks automatically.

B

• Bearing – The direction of one point from another, usually measured in degrees clockwise from north.
• Big Data – Extremely large datasets that require specialized software and algorithms for analysis.
• Bivariate Analysis – Analysis that examines the relationship between two variables within spatial data.
• Boolean Logic – A method of combining conditions in GIS queries using operators such as AND, OR, NOT.
• Boundary – A line or area separating different geographic areas or administrative units.
• Building Information Modeling (BIM) – A process for creating and managing information about a building or infrastructure project.
• Bathymetry – Measurement of water depths and underwater terrain.
• Buffer – A zone around a feature measured in units of distance or time.

C

• CAD (Computer-Aided Design) – Software used for creating and editing digital designs, often integrated with GIS.
• Cartography – The art and science of mapmaking.
• Catchment Area – The area from which water drains into a specific point or feature.
• Choropleth Map – A thematic map where areas are shaded or patterned in proportion to the value of a variable.
• Clipping – Limiting the extent of a dataset to a specified boundary.
• Cluster Analysis – Identifying groups of similar features based on spatial proximity or attribute similarity.
• Coordinate System – A system for defining positions on the Earth’s surface or in space.
• Cadastral Mapping – Mapping and managing land ownership and property boundaries.
• Census Data – Official demographic data collected by governments, often used in spatial analysis.
• Central Meridian – The central line of longitude for a map projection.
• Centroid – The geometric center or average location of a shape, often used to represent points or polygons.
• Change Detection – Analyzing differences between two or more datasets to identify changes over time.
• CityGML – An XML-based format for the storage and exchange of virtual 3D city models.
• Classification – Categorizing or grouping data based on shared characteristics or criteria.
• Cluster Map – A map showing clusters or concentrations of geographic features.
• COGO (Coordinate Geometry) – A system for defining and manipulating coordinates and geometric relationships.
• Commercial Off-The-Shelf (COTS) – GIS software or hardware products available for purchase off-the-shelf.
• Common Operational Picture (COP) – A comprehensive view of a geographic area integrating diverse data for decision-making.
• Compatibility – The ability of different GIS software or data formats to work together without issues.
• Complex Network Analysis – Analyzing networks with intricate relationships and dependencies.
• Composite Band – A new raster band created by combining multiple existing bands based on user-defined rules.
• Contiguity – The condition of being adjacent or sharing a common boundary.
• Contours – Lines connecting points of equal elevation on a map, used to depict terrain relief.
• Coordinate Transformation – Converting coordinates from one coordinate system to another.
• Coverage – A term used in GIS datasets to describe the extent and content of spatial data.
• Crowdsourcing – Collecting data from a large group of individuals or volunteers, often used for mapping purposes.
• CubeSat – A type of miniaturized satellite used for Earth observation and GIS applications.

D

• Data Cleansing – Process of detecting and correcting errors or inconsistencies in GIS datasets.
• Data Integration – Combining data from multiple sources into a unified dataset for analysis.
• Data Interoperability – The ability of different GIS systems to exchange and use data seamlessly.
• Data Model – A framework or structure for organizing and representing spatial data in GIS.
• Data Normalization – Adjusting data values to a common scale or standard for comparison.
• Data Source – The origin or provider of GIS data, such as government agencies, surveys, or sensors.
• Data Validation – Checking GIS data for accuracy, completeness, and consistency.
• Data Visualization – The graphical representation of GIS data to communicate patterns and trends.
• Datum – A reference system defining the position of points on the Earth’s surface.
• Decimal Degrees – A method for expressing latitude and longitude coordinates using decimal fractions.
• Decision Support System (DSS) – A computer-based tool for assisting decision-making processes using GIS data.
• Deforestation – The removal of trees and vegetation from a forested area, often analyzed using remote sensing.
• Density Analysis – Analyzing the concentration or frequency of geographic features within a defined area.
• Digital Globe – A company providing satellite imagery and geospatial services.
• Digitization – Converting paper maps or analog data into digital formats suitable for GIS.
• Directional Distribution – Analyzing the orientation or directionality of features in GIS data.
• Discrete Global Grid System (DGGS) – A method for dividing the Earth’s surface into grid cells of equal area.
• Distance Decay – The decrease in interaction or similarity between locations as distance increases.
• Distributed GIS – A GIS system where data and processing tasks are distributed across multiple locations or servers.
• Drainage Basin – The area of land where all surface water flows into a particular river or reservoir.
• Dynamic Segmentation – A method for managing and analyzing linear features that change over time.
• Database Management System (DBMS) – Software for managing and querying databases, often used in GIS.
• DEM (Digital Elevation Model) – A digital representation of ground surface topography.
• Digital Terrain Model (DTM) – A more detailed elevation model that includes cultural features.
• Distance Analysis – Measuring distances between features in GIS to analyze spatial relationships.

E

• Edge Matching – Ensuring seamless integration of adjacent map sheets or datasets.
• Extent – The spatial limits of a GIS dataset or map.
• Earth Observation Satellite – A satellite used to observe Earth’s surface, atmosphere, and oceans for environmental monitoring.
• Easting – The east-west coordinate value in a Cartesian coordinate system, often used in UTM.
• ECW (Enhanced Compression Wavelet) – A file format and compression method for large raster datasets.
• Edge Detection – Identifying boundaries or edges between different features in raster data.
• Elevation – The height of a point or feature above a reference point, often used in terrain analysis.
• End-User License Agreement (EULA) – Legal agreement governing the use of GIS software or data.
• Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) – Evaluating potential environmental effects of projects using GIS analysis.
• Equirectangular Projection – A simple map projection where meridians and parallels are straight lines.
• Error Analysis – Evaluating and quantifying errors or uncertainties in GIS data and analysis results.
• Euclidean Distance – Straight-line distance between two points in GIS analysis.
• Event – A significant occurrence or happening recorded in GIS datasets, such as earthquakes or accidents.
• Exaggeration – Amplifying or magnifying certain aspects or features in a map for emphasis or clarity.
• Extract, Transform, Load (ETL) – Process of extracting data from different sources, transforming it into a usable format, and loading it into a target database.

F

• Feature Extraction – Identifying and extracting specific features or patterns from GIS data.
• Floodplain – Low-lying area adjacent to a river or stream that is prone to flooding.
• Flow Accumulation – Calculating the total upstream drainage area contributing to each cell in a raster grid.
• Forest Inventory – Systematic collection and analysis of data related to forests and woodland areas.
• Fractal Analysis – Analyzing the self-similar or repeating patterns in GIS data.
• Freeware – Software that is available for free and can be used without payment.
• Full Motion Video (FMV) – A technology used in GIS for analyzing and visualizing video data.
• Feature – A representation of a real-world object in GIS, such as a point, line, or polygon.

G

• Geocoding – Assigning geographic coordinates to locations based on address or other identifiers.
• Geodatabase – A database designed to store, query, and manage spatial data.
• Geodesy – The science of accurately measuring and understanding Earth’s shape, orientation, and gravity field.
• Geographic Information System (GIS) – A system for capturing, storing, analyzing, and displaying geographically referenced information.
• Geolocation – Determining the geographic location of a device or observation.
• Geomatics – Interdisciplinary field integrating geospatial technology, surveying, and mapping sciences.
• Geoprocessing – Analytical operations performed on spatial data in GIS, such as buffering or overlay.
• Geostatistics – Statistical techniques used to analyze spatial data and patterns.
• Geospatial Analysis – Analyzing patterns and relationships in geographic data.
• Geospatial Data – Data that is tied to a specific geographic location on Earth’s surface.
• Geospatial Intelligence (GEOINT) – Analysis and visualization of intelligence data using GIS techniques.
• Geospatial Metadata – Information about the content, quality, and structure of spatial data.
• Geovisualization – Visual representation and exploration of geospatial data.
• Global Positioning System (GPS) – A satellite-based navigation system used for precise location determination.
• Grid – A network of evenly spaced horizontal and vertical lines used to identify locations on a map.
• Ground Control Point (GCP) – A precisely located point used to georeference aerial or satellite imagery.
• Geodesic – The shortest path between two points on the surface of a sphere or ellipsoid.
• Geodetic Datum – A reference system defining the position of points on the Earth’s surface relative to a standard ellipsoid.
• Geofencing – Creating virtual boundaries or zones in GIS for monitoring and alerting purposes.
• Geographic Grid – A network of lines of latitude and longitude used to reference locations on the Earth’s surface.
• Geoinformatics – The science and technology of gathering, analyzing, interpreting, and utilizing geographic information.
• Geologic Mapping – Mapping and analyzing the distribution and characteristics of rock formations and geological features.
• Geomatics Engineering – Engineering discipline focusing on spatial data acquisition, analysis, and management.
• Geospatial Big Data – Extremely large and complex geospatial datasets that require specialized tools for analysis.
• Geospatial Data Infrastructure (GDI) – Framework for sharing and accessing geospatial data across organizations and systems.
• Geostationary Satellite – A satellite positioned in a fixed location relative to Earth’s rotation, used for weather monitoring and communication.
• Geosynchronous Orbit – An orbit where a satellite maintains the same position relative to Earth’s surface.
• Geovisual Analytics – Using interactive visual interfaces to explore and analyze geographic information.
• GIS Architecture – The design and structure of hardware, software, and data in a GIS system.
• GIS Certification – Formal recognition of expertise and skills in geographic information systems.
• GIS Cloud – Cloud-based platforms for storing, managing, and analyzing geospatial data.
• GIS Consultant – A professional who provides expertise and advice on GIS projects and implementations.
• GIS Dashboard – A visual tool for monitoring, analyzing, and presenting GIS data and metrics.
• GIS Developer – A software developer specializing in creating GIS applications, tools, and extensions.
• GIS Director – A senior executive responsible for overseeing GIS operations and strategy within an organization.
• GIS Integration – Combining GIS with other systems or technologies to enhance functionality and data utilization.
• GIS Internship – A temporary position providing practical experience in GIS for students or early-career professionals.
• GIS Job Market – The employment opportunities and careers available in the field of GIS.
• GIS Management – Leadership and administration of GIS resources, projects, and teams.
• GIS Market Analysis – Evaluating trends, opportunities, and growth potential in the GIS industry.
• GIS Network Analysis – Analyzing spatial relationships and connectivity using network datasets.
• GIS Officer – A professional responsible for implementing and managing GIS systems and projects.
• GIS Open Source – Software and tools for GIS that are developed and distributed under open-source licenses.
• GIS Operations – Day-to-day activities and tasks involved in managing and using GIS systems.
• GIS Planning – Strategic development and implementation of GIS initiatives and projects.
• GIS Professional – A skilled practitioner with expertise in geographic information systems and technologies.
• GIS Programmer – A software engineer specializing in developing GIS applications, tools, and solutions.
• GIS Project Management – Planning, organizing, and controlling resources and activities to achieve specific GIS project goals.
• GIS Quality Assurance (QA) – Ensuring the accuracy, completeness, and reliability of GIS data and analysis.
• GIS Remote Sensing – Integrating satellite imagery and aerial photography with GIS for analysis and mapping.
• GIS Research – Conducting scientific investigations and studies using geographic information systems.
• GIS Software – Tools and applications used for capturing, managing, analyzing, and visualizing geographic data.
• GIS Specialist – An expert in a specific aspect or application of geographic information systems.
• GIS Technician – A professional responsible for data acquisition, entry, and maintenance in GIS databases.
• GIS Technology – Hardware and software components used in geographic information systems.
• GIS Tools – Software applications and utilities used for performing specific tasks in GIS analysis.
• GIS Training – Courses and programs designed to teach skills and knowledge in geographic information systems.
• GIS Trends – Emerging technologies, methodologies, and applications shaping the future of GIS.
• GIS User – An individual who utilizes geographic information systems to perform tasks and analyses.
• GIS Vendor – Companies and organizations that develop and sell GIS software, hardware, and services.
• GIS Workflow – The sequence of steps and procedures used to complete a GIS task or project.
• GPS Accuracy – The degree of precision and correctness in GPS location measurements.
• GPS Applications – Uses of Global Positioning System technology in various industries and activities.
• GPS Data Collection – Gathering spatial data using GPS receivers and devices.
• GPS Mapping – Creating maps and visualizations using GPS-derived data.
• GPS Navigation – Using GPS technology for route planning and navigation.
• GPS Receiver – A device that receives and processes signals from GPS satellites to determine location.
• GPS Tracking – Monitoring and recording the movement of objects or people using GPS technology.
• GPS Unit – A handheld or vehicle-mounted device used for GPS navigation and data collection.
• GPS Visualization – Displaying GPS-derived data in maps and visualizations.
• GPS Waypoints – Specific locations marked and stored in GPS devices for navigation purposes.
• Graduated Symbol Map – A thematic map where symbols vary in size or color based on data values.
• Grid Coordinate System – A system for referencing locations using a grid of intersecting lines.
• Grid Indexing – Dividing large datasets into smaller grids for efficient storage and retrieval.
• Grid Reference – A method for identifying locations using grid coordinates within a defined area.
• Ground Control Point (GCP) – A precisely located point used to georeference aerial or satellite imagery.
• Ground Truthing – Verifying and validating remote sensing data with on-the-ground observations.
• GIS Definitions – A Spatial Trek’s GIS dictionary for common GIS definitions.

H

• Habitat Mapping – Mapping and analyzing the distribution and characteristics of habitats.
• Hazard Mapping – Mapping and assessing natural and human-made hazards using GIS.
• Heat Map – A graphical representation of data where values are represented as colors on a map.
• Hypsometric Tinting – Shading on a map indicating elevation differences.
• Hydrographic Survey – Mapping and measuring features of bodies of water and their shorelines.
• Hydrology – The study of water distribution, movement, and properties on Earth.
• Hydrological Modeling – Creating simulations of water-related processes using GIS and statistical models.
• Hypsometric Tinting – Shading on a map indicating elevation differences.

I

• Image Classification – Categorizing pixels in a raster image into thematic classes based on spectral properties.
• Interpolation – Estimating values at unsampled locations based on surrounding known values.
• Image Classification – Categorizing pixels in a raster image into thematic classes based on spectral properties.
• Image Enhancement – Techniques for improving the visual quality and interpretability of satellite and aerial images.
• Image Interpretation – Analyzing and extracting information from satellite and aerial imagery.
• Image Resolution – The level of detail and clarity in satellite and aerial images.
• Image Segmentation – Dividing an image into segments or regions based on similarity in color or texture.
• Impact Assessment – Evaluating the potential effects of projects or actions on the environment and society.
• Indoor Mapping – Mapping and navigation systems designed for interior spaces such as buildings and facilities.
• Infrared Imagery – Remote sensing data captured in the infrared spectrum, used for vegetation analysis and thermal mapping.
• Interpolation – Estimating values at unsampled locations based on surrounding known values.
• Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) – A spatial interpolation method that assigns values to unknown points based on nearby known points.
• IoT (Internet of Things) – Integration of sensors and devices connected to the internet for data collection and analysis.
• Isarithmic Mapping – Representing continuous data with isolines or contours on a map.
• Isoline – A line connecting points of equal value on a map, such as contour lines.
• Isochrone – A line or area representing equal travel time or distance from a specific location.

J

• Join – Combining data from two separate sources based on a common attribute or location.

K

• Kriging – A geostatistical interpolation method used to estimate values at unsampled locations based on spatial autocorrelation.
• KML (Keyhole Markup Language) – A file format used to display geographic data in an Earth browser such as Google Earth.

L

• Labeling – Adding text or symbols to a map to identify features.
• Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) – Classification and mapping of different types of land use and land cover.
• Lidar (Light Detection and Ranging) – Remote sensing technology using laser pulses to measure distances.
• Lineament Analysis – Identifying linear features in terrain based on visual or analytical methods.
• Longitude – Angular distance east or west of the prime meridian, measured in degrees.
• Land Cover Classification – Categorizing and mapping the types of vegetation, land use, and surface materials in a geographic area.
• Land Management – Planning and administering the use and conservation of land resources using GIS.
• Land Parcel – A defined area of land with specific boundaries, often used in cadastral mapping and land administration.
• Land Use Planning – Planning and regulating the development, use, and conservation of land resources.
• Landform – A natural feature of the Earth’s surface, such as mountains, valleys, or plains.
• Landscape Ecology – Studying the spatial patterns and interactions between ecosystems and human activities.
• LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) – Remote sensing technology that uses laser pulses to measure distances and create high-resolution elevation models.
• Linear Referencing – Managing and analyzing data along linear features such as roads, pipelines, and rivers.
• Location-Based Services (LBS) – Services and applications that utilize the location of a mobile device or user for information and functionality.
• Location Intelligence – Analysis and insights derived from location-based data and geographic information.
• Longitude – Angular distance east or west of the prime meridian, measured in degrees.

M

• Map Algebra – Performing mathematical operations on raster datasets to create new raster layers.
• Map Annotation – Text, symbols, or graphics added to a map to provide additional information or context.
• Map Automation – Using scripts or software to generate and update maps automatically.
• Map Composition – Arranging and combining map elements such as legends, scale bars, and insets for presentation.
• Map Interpretation – Understanding and analyzing the content and meaning of maps.
• Map Overlay – Combining multiple map layers to create a composite map showing different aspects of geographic data.
• Map Projection – The method of representing the curved surface of the Earth on a flat map.
• Map Scale – The ratio of distances on a map to actual distances on the Earth’s surface.
• Map Server – A software application that serves geographic data to clients over a network, such as the Internet.
• Map Symbolization – The design and selection of symbols, colors, and styles to represent features on a map.
• Map Topology – The spatial relationships between geographic features in a GIS dataset.
• Mapping Agency – An organization responsible for creating and maintaining maps, charts, and spatial data.
• Market Analysis – Evaluating and interpreting market trends, customer preferences, and competitive factors.
• Metadata – Information about data, such as its source, content, quality, and conditions of use.
• Metes and Bounds – A method of describing land parcels using directions, distances, and natural features.
• Mobile GIS – Geographic information systems accessed and used on mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets.
• Modeling – Creating simplified representations of real-world processes or systems in GIS.
• Monitoring – Continuous observation and measurement of environmental conditions and changes using GIS.
• Multiband Image – A raster image composed of multiple bands representing different spectral wavelengths.
• Multicriteria Analysis – Evaluating and ranking alternatives based on multiple criteria and spatial data.
• Multidimensional GIS – Analyzing and visualizing spatial data across multiple dimensions, such as space and time.
• Multimedia Mapping – Combining different types of media, such as text, images, audio, and video, in a geographic context.
• Multipath Error – GPS positioning errors caused by signals reflecting off surfaces before reaching the receiver.
• Multi-Resolution Raster – A raster dataset that contains different resolutions or levels of detail within the same image.
• Map Projection – The method of representing the curved surface of the Earth on a flat map.
• Map Scale – The ratio of distances on a map to actual distances on the Earth’s surface.
• Map Series – A collection of maps covering the same geographic area at different scales or themes.
• Metadata – Descriptive information about GIS data, including its source, quality, and usage.
• Mobile GIS – GIS applications and data collection tools designed for use on mobile devices.
• Modeling – Creating mathematical or conceptual representations of real-world processes in GIS.
• Multispectral Imagery – Remote sensing data captured in multiple spectral bands.

N

• Network Analysis – Analyzing spatial relationships using networks of interconnected features.
• Noise – Random or unwanted variations in data that can affect accuracy or interpretation.
• Natural Resource Management – Managing and conserving natural resources such as forests, water, and minerals using GIS.
• Navigation – Planning and guiding routes and movements based on spatial information and maps.
• Nearest Neighbor Analysis – Identifying the nearest geographic features to a specific location or set of locations.
• NetCDF (Network Common Data Form) – A file format for storing and sharing multidimensional scientific data, often used in GIS.
• Network Analyst – A software tool for analyzing and optimizing routes and networks using GIS data.
• Node – A point or vertex in a network representing a connection or intersection between edges or links.
• Noise Pollution Mapping – Mapping and analyzing sources and levels of noise pollution in an area using GIS.
• Non-Spatial Data – Attribute or tabular data that does not have a geographic location associated with it.

O

• Object-Based Image Analysis (OBIA) – Analyzing and classifying images based on object features rather than pixel values.
• Oceanography – The scientific study of the ocean, its ecosystems, and physical properties, often using GIS for analysis.
• Online Mapping – Accessing and using interactive maps and spatial data through web-based applications and services.
• Open Data – Data that is freely available for anyone to use, reuse, and redistribute without restrictions.
• Open Source GIS – Geographic information systems and software developed and distributed under open-source licenses.
• Orthoimagery – Aerial or satellite images corrected for distortions such as perspective and terrain relief.
• Overlay Analysis – Combining and analyzing multiple map layers to derive new information or insights.
• Object-Based Image Analysis (OBIA) – Analyzing image data based on objects rather than pixels.

P

• Parcel – A defined area of land with specific boundaries, often used in cadastral mapping.
• Pattern Analysis – Identifying and understanding spatial patterns in GIS data.
• Permeability – The ability of a material or terrain to allow the flow of substances (e.g., water, pollutants).
• Photogrammetry – Using photographs to measure distances and create maps or 3D models.
• Point Pattern Analysis – Analyzing the spatial distribution of points to detect clustering or randomness.
• Polygon – A closed geometric shape defined by a series of connected vertices and edges.
• PostGIS – An extension to the PostgreSQL database system for managing spatial data.
• Precision – The degree of exactness or refinement in a measurement or calculation.
• Projection – The mathematical transformation used to convert locations from Earth’s curved surface to a flat map.
• Parcel Mapping – Mapping and managing land parcels, cadastral data, and property boundaries.
• Pattern Recognition – Identifying and interpreting recurring patterns or features in GIS data.
• Pedestrian Navigation – Providing route guidance and directions for pedestrians using GIS technology.
• Perception – Understanding and interpreting spatial information, often through visualization and analysis.
• Photogrammetry – Creating maps and measurements from aerial photographs and imagery.
• Physical Geography – The study of Earth’s natural environment and physical processes, often analyzed using GIS.
• Pixel – The smallest unit of data in a raster image, representing a value or color at a specific location.
• Planimetric Map – A map that shows only the horizontal positions of features without elevation information.
• Point Cloud – A collection of data points in three-dimensional space, often obtained from LiDAR or photogrammetry.
• Political Geography – The study of political boundaries, territories, and geopolitical relationships using GIS.
• Polygon – A closed geometric shape defined by a set of connected points and edges, often used to represent areas on a map.
• Polyline – A connected sequence of straight lines or curves, often used to represent linear features such as roads or rivers.
• Population Density Mapping – Mapping and analyzing the distribution of population across a geographic area.
• Precision Agriculture – Using GIS and remote sensing for optimized crop management and resource allocation.
• Primary Data – Data collected firsthand or directly from the source, often through surveys or fieldwork.
• Proximity Analysis – Analyzing the spatial relationships and distances between features within a GIS dataset.
• Public Safety GIS – Geographic information systems used for emergency response, crime analysis, and disaster management.

Q

• Quality Control (QC) – Ensuring that GIS data and analysis results meet established standards and requirements.
• Quantitative Geography – Analyzing and interpreting geographic data using mathematical and statistical methods.

R

• Raster Data – Data organized into a grid of cells, each with a value representing a specific attribute or measurement.
• Rasterization – Converting vector data into raster format for use in GIS analysis and visualization.
• Raster-to-Vector Conversion – Converting raster images or data into vector format for further analysis and mapping.
• Real-Time GIS – Systems and applications that process and display data in near real-time for monitoring and decision-making.
• Recreation Mapping – Mapping and analyzing recreational facilities, trails, and opportunities within a geographic area.
• Reference Map – A map designed to display general information and geographic context, often without specific thematic data.
• Remote Sensing – The acquisition and interpretation of data about Earth’s surface using aerial and satellite sensors.
• Resilience Mapping – Mapping and assessing the capacity of systems, communities, and environments to withstand and recover from disturbances.
• Resource Management – Planning and managing natural resources such as water, minerals, and forests using GIS.
• Riparian Zone – The interface between land and a river or stream, often mapped for environmental management and conservation.
• Road Network Analysis – Analyzing and optimizing transportation networks, traffic flows, and routing using GIS.
• Routing Analysis – Calculating and optimizing routes based on distance, travel time, or other criteria using GIS.
• Raster Data – Data represented as a grid of cells, each with a value.
• Remote Sensing – Acquiring information about the Earth’s surface from a distance, often using satellites or aircraft.
• Resolution – The level of detail or granularity in spatial data or imagery.
• Routing – Finding the optimal path or route between locations on a network.

S

• Scale – The ratio of distances on a map to distances on the Earth’s surface.
• Sensor – A device used in remote sensing to capture electromagnetic radiation.
• Shapefile – A popular vector data format developed by ESRI for storing geographic information.
• Spatial Analysis – Analyzing spatial patterns and relationships in GIS data.
• Spatial Database – A database optimized for storing and querying spatial data.
• Spatial Join – Combining data from different layers based on their spatial relationships.
• Spectral Signature – The unique pattern of reflectance or emission of electromagnetic radiation by a material.
• SQL (Structured Query Language) – A language used to manage and query relational databases, including spatial databases.
• Stereoscopy – Using binocular vision to view and interpret 3D images, often in photogrammetry.
• Surface Analysis – Analyzing terrain characteristics such as slope, aspect, and curvature.
• Satellite Imagery – Images of Earth’s surface acquired by satellites in various wavelengths, used for mapping and analysis.
• Scale Dependency – The variation in spatial patterns and relationships at different map scales or resolutions.
• Schematic Mapping – Simplified and abstract representations of spatial data, often used for network diagrams or metro maps.
• Scenario Planning – Creating and evaluating alternative futures and outcomes based on GIS analysis.
• Scalability – The ability of GIS systems and software to handle and process larger datasets and more complex analyses.
• Seamless Data – Integrated datasets with consistent standards, formats, and resolution across different geographic areas.
• Segmentation – Dividing images or data into segments or regions based on distinct characteristics or patterns.
• Slope – The steepness or incline of a surface, often analyzed in terrain and landscape modeling.
• Smart Cities – Urban areas that leverage technology and data, including GIS, to enhance infrastructure, services, and sustainability.
• Software Development Kit (SDK) – A set of tools and libraries for developing software applications, plugins, or extensions for GIS.
• Soil Mapping – Mapping and analyzing the distribution, properties, and classifications of soils within a geographic area.
• Spatial Analysis – Analyzing and interpreting patterns, relationships, and trends in geographic data.
• Spatial Autocorrelation – Measuring the degree of similarity between spatial features and their neighbors in GIS data.
• Spatial Database – A database optimized for storing, querying, and managing geographic data.
• Spatial Decision Support System (SDSS) – A GIS-based tool for aiding decision-making processes involving geographic data and analysis.
• Spatial ETL (Extract, Transform, Load) – The process of extracting spatial data from multiple sources, transforming it, and loading it into a GIS database.
• Spatial Interpolation – Estimating unknown values in GIS data based on known values at sample points.
• Spatial Join – Combining attribute data from one layer to another based on spatial relationships.
• Spatial Query – Searching or filtering geographic data based on location, proximity, or spatial relationship.
• Spatial Reasoning – Analyzing and understanding geographic data and relationships using deductive and inductive reasoning.
• Spatial Reference System – A framework for defining and using spatial coordinates and units of measurement.
• Spatial Statistics – Statistical techniques and methods applied to geographic data and spatial relationships.
• Spectral Analysis – Analyzing the electromagnetic spectrum and its interactions with Earth’s surface in remote sensing.
• Splitting – Dividing or separating features in a GIS dataset into smaller parts or segments.
• Standards – Agreed-upon conventions and specifications for data formats, protocols, and quality in GIS.
• Statistical Mapping – Mapping and visualizing statistical data, trends, and patterns across geographic areas.
• Stochastic Modeling – Using probability and random variables to simulate and analyze spatial processes and uncertainty in GIS.
• Story Map – A web-based application for combining maps with multimedia content to tell stories or convey information.
• Strategic Planning – Long-term planning and decision-making processes involving goals, priorities, and resources.
• Street-Level Imagery – High-resolution images captured at ground level for detailed mapping and visualization.
• Structural Geology – The study of the deformation and arrangement of rocks and geological features using GIS.
• Subsurface Mapping – Mapping and analyzing geological features and resources beneath Earth’s surface using GIS.
• Surface Analysis – Analyzing elevation, slope, aspect, and other surface characteristics in GIS.
• Sustainability – The balance of environmental, social, and economic factors in resource use and development.
• Symbology – The design and representation of symbols, colors, and styles used in maps and visualizations.

T

• Tablet GIS – GIS applications and tools designed for use on tablet devices such as iPads and Android tablets.
• Target Marketing – Identifying and selecting geographic areas or customer segments for marketing campaigns and strategies.
• Tax Mapping – Mapping and assessing property boundaries, assessments, and taxation using GIS.
• Telecommunications Mapping – Mapping and managing communication networks, services, and coverage areas using GIS.
• Temporal GIS – Analyzing and visualizing changes and patterns over time using geographic information systems.
• Terrain Analysis – Studying and modeling the physical characteristics and properties of terrain using GIS.
• Thematic Map – A map designed to represent a specific theme, topic, or attribute, such as population density or land use.
• Three-Dimensional GIS (3D GIS) – Analyzing, modeling, and visualizing spatial data in three dimensions.
• Time Geography – Studying human activities and movements based on space-time relationships and constraints.
• Topographic Map – A detailed and accurate map depicting natural and man-made features of the Earth’s surface.
• Topological Relationship – The spatial relationships and connectivity between geographic features in GIS.
• Topology – The spatial relationships and connectivity of geographic features in a GIS dataset.
• Traffic Analysis – Analyzing traffic flows, congestion, and patterns to improve transportation planning and management.
• Transit Mapping – Mapping and analyzing public transportation routes, schedules, and accessibility using GIS.
• Travel Demand Modeling – Predicting and simulating transportation patterns, flows, and demand using GIS and statistical models.
• Travel Time Analysis – Analyzing and visualizing travel times and accessibility to locations from specific origins.
• Tribal GIS – Geographic information systems and mapping used by Native American tribes and organizations.
• Temporal GIS – Analyzing geographic data over time to understand changes and trends.
• Thematic Mapping – Mapping specific themes or topics, such as population density or land use.
• Topology – The spatial relationships and connectivity between geographic features.
• Tracklog – A record of GPS positions collected over time to create a track or path.
• Triangulated Irregular Network (TIN) – A vector-based representation of terrain using irregularly spaced points.

U

• Urban Planning – Planning and designing cities, neighborhoods, and communities using GIS and spatial analysis.
• Utility Mapping – Mapping and managing infrastructure systems such as water, sewer, and electrical utilities using GIS.

V

• Validation – Ensuring that GIS data, models, and analysis results are accurate, reliable, and consistent.
• Vector Data – Data representing geographic features as points, lines, and polygons with associated attributes.
• Vectorization – Converting raster images or data into vector format for analysis and mapping.
• VGI (Volunteered Geographic Information) – Geographic data contributed by individuals and communities, often via social media and crowdsourcing.
• Viewshed Analysis – Identifying visible and obscured areas from a specific location or observation point.
• Voronoi Diagram – A partitioning of a plane into regions based on proximity to a set of points or sites.
• Vulnerability Mapping – Mapping and assessing the susceptibility and exposure of areas and populations to risks and hazards.
• Vector Data – Data representing geographic features as points, lines, or polygons.
• Virtual Globe – Software that allows interactive visualization of Earth and other planets.
• Visualization – Presenting geographic data visually through maps, charts, and graphs.

W

• Web GIS – GIS applications and data accessed over the internet through web browsers.
• Watershed – The area of land where all surface water drains into a single point, such as a river.
• WMS (Web Map Service) – A standard protocol for serving georeferenced map images over the Internet.
• Water Quality Mapping – Mapping and monitoring the distribution and condition of water bodies based on water quality indicators.
• Web GIS – Geographic information systems and applications accessed and used via web browsers and internet connectivity.
• Watershed Analysis – Mapping and studying the boundaries, characteristics, and processes of watersheds using GIS.
• Web Mapping Application – An online application that provides interactive maps, spatial data, and analysis tools through a web interface.
• Wetlands Mapping – Mapping and assessing the distribution, type, and health of wetlands using GIS.
• Wildlife Conservation – Using GIS and spatial analysis to manage and protect wildlife habitats and populations.
• Workforce Management – Managing and optimizing personnel, resources, and tasks using GIS technology.

X

• XML (Extensible Markup Language) – A markup language used for encoding documents and data, often used for metadata in GIS.

Z

• Zonal Statistics – Calculating statistics and metrics for specific zones or areas within a GIS dataset.
• 3D Visualization – Creating and viewing three-dimensional representations of geographic data and terrain.
• 4D GIS – Analyzing and visualizing geographic data over four dimensions, including space and time.